Broadband Modem Configuration

Let us learn how to go to the configuration settings of broadband modem, what is the difference between pppoe and bridge mode of connections.

---

If you want to become an expert in Data Network, then after learning some theory,better you have to view the configuration settings of some working network equipments.

Here I have given the screenshots of configuration settings of a Broadband Modem ( utstarcom UT300R2U) which is connected to the landline broadband connection of BSNL India and the broadband is in working status. (in fact, this page was uploaded using that connection only).

Go through these settings to strengthen your network knowledge.

From the above screenshots what we have learnt is:

1. There are 7 connections running between my modem and the BSNL ISP. Out of these 7 connections, the very first connection is a PPPoE connection. The rest are Bridge connections.

---

PPPoE connection means, the modem is basically independent of my PC. My modem will directly talk to the ISP and get the public ip address(public ip is essential for Internet browsing).In the screenshot you will see the public ip address as 117.193.173.135. Where as if you see the ip address of my pc (by going to command prompt and typing "ipconfig" command, you will see the ip address of my pc is 192.168.1.2 which is a private ip address.

---

You should know the difference between PPPoE and Bridge mode. PPPoE connection means, modem is the master and the PCs are its slaves. Only the Modem will talk to the ISP and get the public ip address and keep it within the modem ( the pc will not know the public address.). But you are aware that browsing is done from the PC (not from the Modem).So PC needs an ip address. Forthis, the modem will give a private ip address to my pc using NAT.

Check the DHCP screenshot, you will see that the modem has been given 192.168.1.2 to my pc. If another pc is connected to the modem, the modem may give 192.168.1.3 to that pc. In essence what you should know is, in case of PPPoE connection, there will be only one PUBLIC ip address. That too, it will be WITH the modem. PC will have only the private ip addresses.

But in case of BRIDGE connection, modem behaves just as a bridge. that is in case of Bridge connection, PC is the master and Modem is just a slave. PC will directly to ISP equipments (mainly to BRAS(Broadband Remote Access Server) and get the public ip address from ISP.

If you want to know, whether your pc is working on PPPoE or Bridge, just type "ipconfig" command from the command prompt. If it is displaying a private ip address such as 192.168.1.x, then you are using pppoe connection. If it is showing a public ip address, then your pc is working in bridge mode. is that clear?

---

From the screenshot, you can find out my modem has 4 ethernet ports and 1 usb port. (check the diagnostics screen, you will find lines "Test Your ENet(1-4 Connection)=PASS, Test Your USB Connection=Down.). Which means, i am using my ethernet port and not the USB port. and it is working ok.

RIP PRACTICAL VIDEO TUTORIAL

RIP Practical Part 1/4

Note: This video is not cler. For HD Quality CLICK HERE RIP Practical Part 2/4

Note: This video is not clear. For HD Quality CLICK HERE RIP Practical Part 3/4 (

Note: This video is not clear. For HD Quality CLICK HERE)

A complete broadband network diagram

This diagram answers the questions: How a broadband modem is connected to Internet?How dslam works? How modem,dslam,tokenring and bras are interconnected?

MNP(Mobile Number Portability)

All about Mobile Number Portability

What is MNP?

MNP stands for Mobile Number Portability.  Suppose if you have a  mobile phone number of Airtel, you can shift to some other operator ,say,BSNL. The phone number will be the same.  But keep it in mind, if you have a phone number  of Airtel  at Karnataka , you can shift to BSNL, only with in Karnataka. You cannot shift to Tamilnadu.

A phone  at Chennai can be shifted to any place in Chennai or Tamilnadu state or Pondichery.   Because, the three things (Chennai city, tamilnadu state, Pondichery Union Territory) comes under single  Licensed Service Area.

So you should know the list of  Licensed Service Areas and their jurisdiction. There are 23 Licensed Service Areas in India. See the list down:

List of LICENSED SERVICE  Areas and the areas covered by  each LSA

Bihar………………Bihar and Jharkhand

Gujarat……….Gujarat , Daman,Diu,Silvassa

Haryana………… Haryana (excluding Panchkula,Faridabad,Gurgaon)

J&K……………… J&K and Ladakh

Kerela……….  Kerala,Lakshadeep and Minicoy

MP………………MP and Chhattisgarh

Maharastra……. Maharashtra, goa (except Mumbai)

North east …………..arnachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,Mizoram,Nagaland, Manipur,Tripura

Punjab……. Punja,Chandigarh,panchula

Tamilnadu……tamilnadu,Chennai,pondichery

UP west…..West UP, Uttarkhand

UP east….east UP

Delhi……….delhi,Ghaziabad,Faridabad,noida,gurgaon

Kolkata….kolkata

Mumbai…. Mumbai,new Mumbai , kalyhan

 For other states, the area covered  is , that state area only

What is MCHA? MCHA stands for Mobile Number Portablility Clearing House Administrator.  It the interface agent between the two operators.

Other features of MNP: 1. Both prepaid and postpaid subscribers can use the MNP.

2. If you get a mobile from Airtel, you have to be under Airtel atleast for 90 days under Airtel. That means, you can make a porting-in request only after 90 days with the present operator.

3. Normally, a porting fee will be charged for changing your operator.  BSNL is not be charging any porting fee.  

4) If you want to come out of Airtel menas, you should get the UPC (unique porting code) from airtel.  You have to simply send a SMS with “PORT  XXXXXXXX”  to 1900 where XXXXXX is your mobile number.  The Airtel operator will send the UPC  to your mobile.

 5) Goto,say, BSNL Customer Service Centre with all the documents like ID proof, Address proof.

 5) The porting request  which is sent as sms by you should be forwarded to MCHA with in 24 hours by your current operator.  

6) On receipt of request, MCHA will fix date and time of porting and MCHA will inform this date and time to both operators.

7) The current operator should  disconnect the services only athe date and time fixed by the MCHA.

  8) The SIM supplied by the new operator should be used. 

9) You can withdraw your change of operator request within 24 hours of making your request.

10) Normally it will take about a week to shift from one operator to another operator.

11) If you have any balance amount in your prepaid service, it will not be transferred to the new operator.

 

 

 

IP addressing and subnet mask interview questions

IP addressing and subnet mask interview questions by tutorpiggy

Redistribute 195.50.50.0/24 ip addresses to LAN 1 to 5 and Link 1 to3

CLICK HERE
FOR ANSWERS

LAN and Network Devices Interview Questions

List of Network devices involved in Inter Networking

Mainly switches and routers are the important network elements

This is a hub. hub has collision domain where as there is no collision domain in a switch.

What is broadcast domain? In a network, when one computer sends a broadcast messasge, if it is received by say 800 computers (include the sender), then this 800 forms a broadcast domain.

Because a hub or switch can do the functions of a repeater and hub/switch cost is also very lower nowadays. so the repeaters have vanished from the market

Subnet mask is an important concept in networking. if subnet mask goes wrong, then computers cannot communicate properly.

Wiring diagram of LAN cable. Normally, in usa there are using 568a standard, but in canada 568b is used. You can use any of these. technically there will not be any problem.

How to identify pin no.1 in RJ-45 plug? Imagine RJ45 as the face of a Ponytail Girl.Hold her as shown in this image. count her from left. Now you will never forget which is the pin-1

The LAN cable tester is a must for every office who is having more than 50 computers connected in their LAN. Normally, this cat5 cable goes faulty because of rough handling. This tester has two rj45 jack. insert the cable and switch on the power. you will know whether all the pins are connected ok. you can find out whether it is cross cable or straight cable.

If your lan nework is of more than 50 computers, better you purchase a crimping tool to make or repair lan cables. Have a look at this video. Here one technician is making a LAN cable.

In case of hub, there is no secrecy. Any other port in the LAN can overhear using promiscuous mode. But switch is more secure than hub in this aspect. More over dublex is possible in switch but not in hub. Bandwidth is more in switch because when port1 talks to port3, at the same time, port2 can talk to some other port.

10base2 : end to end distance is 200m maximum, 10base 5 means 500 meters maximum. it is obsolete now because it is very to troubleshoot the problems.

IPV6 Interview Questions

ipv6 interview questions, ipv6 multiple choice objective questions

CLICK HERE FOR ANSWERS
CLICK HERE FOR MORE QUESTIONS
=================================

Q1. IPV6 IP Address consists of how
many bits?

A) 32 bits
B) 48 bits
c) 128 bits
d) 64 bits.

Q1. Correct Answer is C.
IPV6 IP Address consists of 128 bits.
It is written like this:
2958:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2b:0370:7334
The four-zeros may be replaced by a single zero:
2958:0db8:85a3:0:0:8a2b:0370:7334
You may omit leading-zeros:
2958:0db8:85a3:0:0:8a2b:370:7334
You may replace four-zeros by “::”
2958:0db8:85a3::8a2b:370:7334

================================

 

Q2. Which one is the shortest form of
the following ip address:
2345:0c38:0000:0000:0000:0000:1678:ab26

 

A) 2345:0c38:0:0:0:0:1678:ab26
B) 2345:0c38::1678:ab26
C) 2345:c38::1678:ab26
D) 2345:c38:1678:ab26

The answer is c

========================================

Q3. What is the another name for IPV6

 

A) IPng
B) Baby Giant
C) Wide IP
D) IP Star

The answer is A

=======================================

 

Q4. What is the equivalent in IPV6 for the
loopback address 127.0.0.1

 

A) 0:0:0:0:127.0.0.1
B) 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
C) ::127.0.0.1
D) 127::1

correct answer is B

RJ45 Wiring Diagram

100BaseTX vs 100BaseT

Dad, What is the difference between 100 Base T and 100 Base TX?

In the olden days, there were a number of 100 Base Standards :

100 Base T2,100 Base T4 and 100 Base TX

"10 Base T" . was the common term (generic term) which represents all of the above three standards.

After sometime, 100 Base T2 and 100 Base T4 died because of cancer :).

Finally, only 100 Base TX only is living now.

When there is only one person, where comes the need of generic term. So people started calling 10BaseTX and just 10BaseT. Because there is no ambiguity. Satisfied?

 

No Dad, What is 100Base T4?

I told you it is already dead.

But dad, just for the sake of knowledge I am asking you.

Ok. "T" stands for Twisted pair ("F" stands for fiber"). "4" stands for four pairs.

You can use 4 pairs of CAT3 cable and get 100mbps speed. But when they are able to change the design of the twisted pair by increasing the number of twists per meter(called as CAT5), we are able to use just two pairs to get 100mbps. So, 100BaseT4 became obsolete.

Satisfied?

No Dad, then where comes this 100BaseTX.

If you are able to use CAT5 cable for 100mbps, then it is 100BaseTX.

Satisfied?

No Dad, You told 10BaseTX needs only two pairs. I checked the CAT5 cable. It has 4 pairs. Why Dad?

Only two pairs are used. Other two are just dummy. Satisfied?

No Dad, Then what was the use of 100BaseT2?

They were using 2 pairs of CAT3 cable itself for 100mbps. As it is not going upto 100 meters, she is also dead.

 

 

 

 

 

No Dad, What is the difference between Ethernet and Fast Ethernet?

If the speed is 10Mbps, it is ethernet. If the speed is 100mbps, then it is fast ethernet.

There is nothing wrong, if you call fastethernet as just ethernet. But you should not call 10mbps ethernet as fastethernet.

Satisfied?

 

 

Pin	EIA/TIA 568A	AT&T 258A, EIA/TIA 568B	10Base-T 10Mbps Cat3	100Base-TX 100Mbps Cat5	100Base-T4 100Mbps Cat3	100Base-T2 100Mbps Cat3	1000Base-T 1Gbps Cat5+
1	white/green	white/orange	TX+	TX+	TX D1+	BI DA+	BI DA+
2	green/white	orange/white	TX-	TX-	TX D1-	BI DA-	BI DA-
3	white/orange	white/green	RX+	RX+	RX D2+	BI DB+	BI DB+
4	blue/white	blue/white	na	na	BI D3+	na	BI DC+
5	white/blue	white/blue	na	na	BI D3-	na	BI DC-
6	orange/white	green/white	RX-	RX-	RX D2-	BI DB-	BI DB-
7	white/brown	white/brown	na	na	BI D4+	na	BI DD+
8	brown/white	brown/white	na	na	BI D4-	na	BI DD-
BI=BI directional data

video showing how to make LAN cable

Video showing how to make LAN Cable; How to use the cable tester, how to do crimping, how wire rj45

Video showing how to make LAN cable and how to test it

Misc MPLS VPN Basics

MPLS notes for personal use

Switches locates the destination by comparing the mac address with the lookup table.

Routers locates the next hop by comparing the ip address with the routing table.

But MPLS routers locates the next hop by comparing the label id with the .......table.

Switches operate in Layer 2

Routers operate in Layer 3

MPLS operates in Layer 2.5

=====================================

Label format is for 32 bits.

20 bits for label id

3 bits for class of service

1 bit for stack point

8 bit for TTL

==========================================

When a packet enters into the first router of mpls cloud, that router is called as Ingress LER (LER stands for Label edge router. ingress stands for in-point). The LER inserts (PUSHES) the label into each frame. The Egress LER removes(POPs) the labels and send the packet outside mpls cloud

======================

Why MPLS needed for a customer?

It does Traffic Engineering

It gives QoS over IP

it creates a virtual private network.(vpn)

 

traffic isolation and differentiation is possible with less overhead

 

==============================

When the traffic has a specific bandwidth requirements, atm or framerely WAS the option. In that PrivateVirtual Circuit (PVC)concept is there.

 

Customer can hide the ip address.

Customer can even use the private ip address. So that two more offices at different locations can be interconnected just like a private network.

Can get a constant speed which is needed for video,etc.

Encryption of packets can be done (it is optional)

=============================

 

There are different types of vpn. IP based VPN, IPSec VPN or ATM

In ip, for each packet, router has to look into the routing table and take decisions. But in mpls, routing decisions are taken by control plane(ospf and lsr) and once a packet is reaching, simply forwarded by the data plane by looking into fib. so it is fast. there is no need of knowing the actual ip address of the packet. Not only ip, any other protocol also can be forwarded (that is why they called as multiprotcol)

=================================

ospf fills the routing table. and ldp fills up the lip. dataplane just uses the lib. this method is almost harwire speed?

====================================

fec?

==============================

ce is customer edge router, pe is provider edge router, p is provider router or core router.

=====================================

===============================================

anology: a person entering a campus. First check his requirement thoroughly and give him an id card. with his id card, he is able to move around easily inside the campus. difference is , id is swapped between any two check points.

=============================

stack

s0 s0 s0 s1, here the first s0 is the top most label.

=====================================

Not only ip based, even If the customer end is atm or frame relay, then also mpls can be used

==========

mpls inserts a label called as shim label l2 and l3. so it is known as 2.5

================

LER are also known as PE or Edge LSR. this is more sophisticated than LSR.

===========================

MPLS routers use Label Forwarding Information Base (LFIB) instead of routing tables

 

What is Qos?

QoS means a certain guaranteed performance level of the network determined by certain metrics such as packet loss, latency and jitter

 

Normally ip is not worried about the specific bandwidth requirements of each user or importance of any traffic. It does routing based on best effort delivery. All users are equal for ip.

While ip is connectionless, we can say, mpls is connection oriented.

=======================================

swift disaster recovery via methods such as Fast Reroute (FRR). The traffic
is rerouted through backup lsp

===========================

 

difference between qos and te?

qos is explained already. te is, suppose the link between a and b is broken, then immediately it is re routted via a to c then c to b. ????????

===================================================

 

vrf?

 

it is unique to each user. vrf is virtual routing and forwarding. so all other users using the mpls cloud are transparent because of vrf concept.

==============================

 

 

PHP Video Tutorial for absolute Beginners

A crystal clear Video tutorial showing how to write php. This Tutorial is for absolute beginners who wants to learn php which is an active web design.

 

This video tutorial on php is for absolute beginners. it gives the every basic information needed for learning php.
Let this be the starting point of learning php . PHP is used for sever-sided scripting, so basically it just sends what the screen should look like from the server. This is used for example, for login databases, server-sided code, or anything else that you wouldn't want the client to see.

Some of the comments on this video:

marcusaaron16 ::: This video to me is an example of great dense teaching that one with a? partial programming background can easily understand. Yea basically it's the shit yo! Oh yea Google Marcus Cast

MetaLIntake : i like dreamweaver.. u can still? do php on that

mariuskolleck : we're all? dooomed. --> i loled !


gblax123 (2 weeks ago): PHP is used for sever-sided scripting, so basically it just sends what the screen should look like from the server. This is used for example, for login databases, server-sided code, or anything else that you wouldn't want the client to see. It is very complex, and you should know HTML and JavaScript? before you try to learn it!

fallrite : Actually, it's not? that complex.. PHP is considered one of the easier languages for beginners.
mickmouse13 : simple and laid back, well done.

 

 

VLSM CIDR SUPERNET Difference

What is the difference between VLSM and CIDR and Supernetting?

• VLSM stands for Variable Length Subnet Mask
• CIDR stands for Classless Interdomain Routing.
• VLSM is for efficient use of ip addresses by avoiding wasteful allotment .Whereas CIDR is for reducing the number of entries in routing table by grouping related entries and making a supernet.

 

How IP addresses were wasted before invention of VLSM?

• Before implementation of VLSM, people were using Class A,B,C type of addressing. If a company wants just 20 addresses, the company was allotted with a class-C address which consists of 256 addresses.
• If a company wants 500 ip addresses, it will be allotted with a class-B address which is 256x256= 65,536 ip addresses.

In case of vlsm, if i asked 20 ip addresses, how many ip addresses will be allotted?

• The nearest power of 2, which means 2 power 5=32. Hence 32 ip addresses will be allotted to the company.

What is supernet?

• Supernetting is nothing but cidr. It is mainly used in routing table to reduce the number of routing table entries by grouping the related entries. In otherwords, a number of related subnets are grouped togther and formed a bigger subnet called as supernet.
• supernettting is aggregation of ip network addresses for the purpose of routing or advertising.

 

Mar 23,2009

Video tutorial on How to create HTML

A crystal clear Video tutorial showing how to create html page or basic web page. This Tutorial is for absolute beginners who wants to learn html and web design.

This video tutorial explains how to create a html page using notepad. Very good for the absolute beginners. Watch the video and enjoy.

Powerpoint video tutorial how to create master slide

A crystal clear Video tutorial showing how to create and apply master slide to your powerpoint presentation. Tutorial for absolute beginners who are learning powerpoint.

Powerpoint is a very useful common application which everyone should know. This video tutorial explains how to create a master slide for your powerpoint presentation. Master slide basically gives the uniform background design to every slide, date and logo at the bottom of every slide. Watch the video and enjoy.

How Dual Ring Works

How Dual Ring Works? Normally, the data flows through the primry ring. When there is a break between any two stations, these two stations switch over to the backup link.

Who allots Public IP Addresses

Who allots public IP Addresses? IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is responsible for Allotment of Public IP Addresses. Allotment of Public TCP and UDP ports Allotment of Domain Names   By the way, Jon Postel was incharge for iana until 1998. He was the RFC editor also. When the Internet grew large, a new orgianization was formed for the purpose of management of ip address space. It is ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers and Names). Here, the confusion is, IANA was NOT abolished. It still works but under the control of ICANN. If the questions is like this: Who assigns public ip addresses? A) IEEE B) IETF C) ICANN D) Stanford University. The answer is ICANN.   *************************************** If the question is like this: Who assigns public ip addresses? A) IEEE B) IETF C) IANA D) Stanford University. Then select IANA ********************************************** If the question is like this: Who assigns public ip addresses? A) IEEE B) IETF C) ICANN/IANA D) Stanford University. Then select ICANN/IANA   ***************************************** If you are willing to take the risk of confusing your brain further on the topic of iana-icann, and If you are ready to waste your limited time allotted for you in this beautiful earth, then please click here. I don't mind :)

VLAN Animation Tutorial

This animation explains what is vlan and what is the purpose of vlan and how to configure virutal-lan.

What is SDH,POS,STM

What is POS interface in a Cisco Router?

POS stands for Packet over Sonet

It is a point to point serial interface .

It is NOT a general type of serial port. It is especially for sending ip packets over sonet/sdh frames.So POS is for pure ip backbones.

 

Eventhough POS interface stands for Packet over Sonet, it can be configured for packet over sdh.

The command is like this:

Router(config-if)#POs framing [sdh|sonet] Here. sonet is default

 

So actually pos stands for packet over sonet/sdh

 

===========================================

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

========================

Encapsulation used POS. The ip packet sent out of pos interface can be encapsulated with either hdlc or ppp. when encapsulated with ppp, actually the ip is encapsulated into ppp and ppp is again encapsulated into sonet.

===================================

 

what is sdh?

Earlier, sync was done by pdh (plesiochronous digital hierarchy). It was replaced by sdh.

The main diff between sdh and pdh : The speed is tightly synchronized across the entire network, using atomic clocks in case of sdh.

============================================

 

What is STM?

STM stands for synchronous Transport Module.

STM1 speed is 155.52 mbps.

STM is the frame format for SDH.

STM1 is the BASIC fram format for sdh.

STM is associated with sdh. in the same way OC or STS is assocated with sonet.

STM1 is equal to OC3 in its speed.

============================================

All about STM-1 Frame:

The is the basic frame for sdh.

STM1 sends one frame in 125 micro second.

Therefore, it sends 8000 frames per second.

Each frame contains 9 rows

each row contains 270 bytes.

 

Hence 270 bytes* 9rows * 8 bits * 8000 frames=155.52 mbps

 

Eventhough each row contains 270 bytes, only 261 bytes are the actual data, remaining 9 bytes are used for overhead and pointers. Hence actual data rate is about 150mbps.

===========================================

 

difference between sonet and sdh

 

sonet stands Synchronous Optical Network. SDH stands for Synchrnous Digital Hierarchy

 

The purpose of these two are same. but Sonet is used in usa and sdh is used in europe.

The internal staructure of sonet and sdh is slightly different.

The sonet link is called as sonet optical carrier ie OC.

 

======================================

========================================

It is a very high speed interface. So normally used in netowrk backbones.

Note:backbone means : between large cities.

 

How PPP works on PPPoE

ppp is encapsulated in the ethernet frame and sent to the access server. Because access server like PPP very much. This article is not yet complete. come later please.